This translator translates from English into Benakasemmemii, an international language with phonetic orthography. Its roots come from many languages and cross-cultural borrowings. It is easy to read and intuitive for speakers of many backgrounds.
A software of this translator has problems with:
- words in the form of active participle (replace using constructions with relative pronouns "who"/which", for example "planes which fly" instead of "flying planes", because plural equivalents like "flying planes" is very ambiguous grammatically)
- sentences which contain the conjunctions "and"/"or" because the translator has problems with the word order in some types of complex sentences
- sentences, which have more words than six, should be avoided generally.
Benakasemmemii has mostly regular grammar, with a few historical irregular verbs (“thaate”, “daate”, “laate”, “waate”), similar to natural languages like Hindi or Japanese.
ABOUT THE LANGUAGE:
Benakasemmemii (in a shorter name: Benakii) is an superregional standardized language.
Origin
The vocabulary and grammatical elements of the language have origin often from:
- Tamil
- Finnish
- Indonesian/Malay
- Persian
- Turkish
- Sanskrit
- Hindi/Urdu/Punjabi
- the Roman languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Latin)
- Korean
- Japanese
- English
- German
- Arabic
Many words are often chosen based on sound symbolism, hence many of them are from the Tamil, the Finnish, the Indonesian and the Korean languages which are very sound symbolic.
ALPHABET
A a (is read as "u" in the word "cut")
B b (is read as "b" in the word "back")
C c (is read as "ch" in the word "chat")
D d (is read as "d" in the word "desk")
E e (is read as "e" in the word "neck")
F f (is read as "f" in the word "fire")
G g (is read as "g" in the word "goat")
H h (is read as "h" in the word "hamster")
I i (is read as "i" in the word "sit")
J j (is read as "j" in the word "joke")
K k (is read as "k" in the word "skin")
L l (is read as "l" in the word "letter")
M m (is read as "m" in the word "mother")
N n (is read as "n" in the word "nice")
O o (is read as "o" in the word "lock")
P p (is read as "p" in the word "spin")
R r (is read as "r" in the word "right")
S s (is read as "s" in the word "set")
T t (is read as "t" in the word "stuff")
U u (is read as "oo" in the word "foot")
W w (is read as "v" in the word "vein")
Y y (is read as "y" in the word "yesterday")
Z z (is read as "z" in the word "zip")
Digraphs and trigraphs:
"aa" (is read as the long "ah")
"ai" (is read as "i" in the word "ice")
"au" (is read as "ou" in the word "out")
"bh" (is read as "b" but it has an aspiration)
"ch" (is read as "ch" but it has an aspiration)
"dh" (is read as "d" but it has an aspiration)
"ei" (is read as "a" in the word "place")
"gh" (is read as "g" but it has an aspiration)
"ii" (is read as "ee" in the word "seed")
"jh" (is read as "j" but it has an aspiration)
"kh" (is read as "k" but it has an aspiration)
"-ong" (is read as "ong" in the word "song")
"ou" (is read as "ow" in the word "snow")
"ph" (is read as "p" but it has an aspiration)
"sh" (is read as "sh" in the word "shake")
"th" (is read as "t" but it has an aspiration)
"uu" (is read as "oo" in the word "food")
Other rules of pronunciation
- The word accent usually occurs in the first syllable among three ones in the end (but when the penultimate syllable has a long vowel or is closed, then the accent occurs in it). However the accented parts of words are not strongly stressed, similarly as in Spanish and Hindi. For example: WA-li, GE-ta-re, sem-MOL-te, ap-pli-kaa-SYOU-ni.
- '''ai''' is read as the diphthong '''aj'''.
- '''au''' is read as the diphthong '''aw'''.
- The accusative ending '''-ong''' is read as a nasal form of the sound '''o'''.
Syntax
The default word order is: subject-object-verb, such as in Hindi, Sanskrit, Japanese, Turkish, Latin, Tamil and Korean languages. The attributive occures before the attributed word, for example '''nalla kun''' - good human, '''niinuus-ke khapu''' - food for childs. For changing the position of attributive from one to one, then the word '''ya''' must be used, for example: '''kun ya nalla (thaare)''' - good human / human who is good.
Verbs
They have:
- 3 voices (active, passive, static)
- 6 moods (indicative, imperative, prohibitive, conditional, potential, desiderative)
- 3 tenses
- 4 aspects.
They are not conjugated by persons, numbers and genders.
Basic forms:
- present habitual tense: -re
- past habitual tense: -ye
- future perfective tense: -ge
- conditional mood: -we
- imperative mood: -∅
- prohibitive mood: -me
- potential mood: -bile
- desiderative mood: -mako
- infinitive/gerund: -te
- active participle: -∅
Active participle:
It does not occure independently. It is always, or as noun determination, or in connection with verbs such as '''thaate'''/'''thaagetate'''.
Static verbs - They are created using the construction '''feeling/state noun + thaate/aate''' or using usual adjective, or they are expressed usually by verbs in the active voice. ''thaate/aate'' is conjugated by tenses. They express states, feelings, emotions, experiences. The subject, who is under state (which is the noun), is in the dative case. For example:
- Naar-ke jer aare. - The Sun shines.
- Men-ke han umi thaare. - I like him/her. (literally: For me, he/she is nice.)
- Niinuu-ke belarga thaare. - (The/A) child has stomach ache. (literally: For child, stomach ache is.)
- "Leonardo da Vinci" kun-ke di-no aawiskaaras-no kitu-de mammanki thii. (Leonardo da Vinci reflected on his inventions.)
Verb ''stay/be'' - It is an auxiliary verb for creating continuous aspect.
Verb ''must / have to / should'' - Here a subject is in the dative case and activity, which is needed for doing, ends as ''-te'' together with form of the verb '''thaate/aate''' after, which omitted in present tense, for example English sentence ''We have to do it'' in Benakasemmemii will be as: '''Ame-ke ha-ong karte (thaare).'''; and the sentence ''We had to do it.'' will be as: '''Ame-ke ha-ong karte thii.'''
Verb ''have / own'' - Here an owner is in the genitive case (or in the possesive form) and ownership is in the nominative case together with form of the verb '''thaate/aate''' after, which can be omitted in the present tense. For example, the English sentence '''I have the house''' in the Benakasemmemii language will be as: '''Merii kota aare'''; and the sentence '''I do not have a car''' will be as: '''Merii kaar naare.'''.
Irregular verbs - They are in the little number. The irregular verb lemmas are only '''thaate''' (in perfect aspect: '''thii''' instead of ''thaada''), '''daate''' (in perfect aspect: '''dii''' instead of ''daada''), '''laate''' (in perfect aspect: '''lii''' instead of ''laada'') and '''waate''' (in perfect aspect: '''wii''' instead of ''waada''). They mean '''to stand / to be (temporarily)''', '''to give / to allow''', '''to take / to do for one's self''' and '''to come''' respectively.
Imperative mood - Similarly to most languages, it expresses command or request and it is created by the zero suffix, for example '''geta''' - '''go''' as well as it does not have a subject. The mood can be emphasized by the particle '''o''' in end of sentence.
Examples:
- '''Go to the park.''' - '''Buga-ong geta'''.
- '''Do it!''' - '''Ha-ong kar!'''
Prohibitive mood - It expresses prohibition or advising against something. It is not an ordinary negation of the imperative mood; in the reality, it is the opposity of the mood.
Examples:
- '''Do not go to the park.''' - '''Buga-ong getame'''.
- '''Do not do it!''' - '''Ha-ong karme!'''
Potential mood - It expresses an possibility or an ability. It is an equivalent of the English modal verb '''can'''.
Examples:
- '''I can take it.''' - '''Men ha-ong laabile.'''
- '''Birds can fly.''' - '''Perans perbile.'''
Desiderative mood - It expresses a desire or a wish.
For example:
- '''People want to eat and drink.''' - '''Kuns khapamako dan nummako.'''
- '''I want to be with you.''' - '''Men tun-no sem thaamako.'''
Conditional mood - It expresses an event possible in theory or fantasy but it can be unreal.
For example:
- '''I would go to the Moon.''' - '''Men Bulan-ong getawe.'''
- '''If Adolf Hitler became a painter, the Second World War would not happen.''' - '''Adolfu Hitlar gambarukaara aa getawe, tou Dutii Aalamwarra naawe.'''
Nouns
They are inflected for 8 cases and 2 numbers. The plural number is created by the suffix '''-s''', which similarly as in Turkish, Indonesian and Japanese languages, near numerals and words such as '''baga'''/'''kici''', is omitted, because these just words indicate the amount.
Cases:
Case name | Ending | Meaning
- nominative | -∅ | subject in active voice, object of action in passive voice
- genitive | -no | possession, relation
- dative | -ke | recipient (indirect object), destination/purpose, (in static voice) experiencer or obliged subject
- accusative | -ong |object in active voice (direct object), direction, duration
- instrumental | -nei | tool, method, doer in passive voice or beside gerund
- locative | -de | location, situation (in space or in time)
- ablative | -dou/-doro | exit point, origin, cause
- vocative | -hei | direct addressing (with an animate noun)
Gender - Similarly to the English, Esperanto, Japanese or Indonesian languages, there is no grammatical gender, but pronouns of third person are divided into animate (relating to living people, animals and spiritual beings) and inanimate (relating to all the rest) ones.
- kin - who/what (animate)
- ki - what (inanimate)
- han - he/she/it (animate)
- ha - it (animate)
Adjectives
They are indeclinable. The comparative degree is created by adding '''pul''' (literally: more) before adjectives and the superlative degree is created by adding '''kul-dou pul''' (literally: more than all) also before adjectives, for example: '''kika''' - fast/quick, '''pul kika''' - faster/quicker, '''kul-dou pul kika''' - the fastest/quickest.
Personal pronouns
- men - I
- tun - you (singular, intimate)
- munthaa - you (singular, polite)
- han - he/she/it (animate)
- ha - it (inanimate)
- ame - we
- tume - you (plural, intimate), y'all
- munthaas - you (plural, polite)
- hans - they (animate)
- has - they (inanimate)
Postpositions
Similarly to Turkish, Hindi, Japanese and Sanskrit languages, postpositions are located after noun, not before.
The list:
- ala - under
- ala-ong - down
- antar - between, among
- daukasa-de - far, at the distance
- daukasa-ong - away
- dikabi - upon, against
- dikabi-ong - onto, against
- dikasa-de - near, next to
- dikasa-ong/deka-de - towards
- eki - outside
- eki-ong - outwards
- en - inside, within
- en-ong - into, inwards
- katakate-de - against
- ketu-de - for, in order to
- kitu-de - about, regarding, on the subject
- kota-de - at (at someone at home)
- labama-nei - across
- langama-nei - along
- molte-nei - according to
- moutu-de - as, in the form
- moutu-ong - into the form, (transforming) into
- mun - before, in front of
- ombi - around, about
- pin - after, behind
- pingetate-de - accordingly
- sem - together with
- tulanaa-de - than, in comparison
- tir - through
- ula - above, over
- ula-ong - up
- warai - until, till
Word formation
This language has a very rich system of suffixes and prefixes as well as it enables to create words using mixing them, for example ''obol'' (apple) + ''moran'' (tree) = ''obolmoran'' (appletree), ''mata'' (eye) + ''mu'' (water) = ''matamu'' (a/the tear), ''tahaki'' (continuation, survival, life) ''tetteki'' (science) = ''tahakitetteki'' (biology).
The most important suffixes:
- -aaru - used to form nouns denoting, collectively, items made from a particular substance; used to form nouns denoting, collectively, items made in a particular place; used to form nouns denoting, collectively, items of a particular kind or for a particular use
- -aatu - a rank or office, the concrete charge, context of a rank or office, a group of officials associated with a rank or office, a social or political system ruled by people or someone of a certain rank or office
- -an - an (animal or human) individual who has a given trait or naturally does something
- -ar - a person who does occupation or has a given trait (but being often negative)
- -baan - a keeper or a guardian of something
- -bil - capable of
- -bilda - suitable for, fit for
- -bul, -balu - composed of a given number of elements, ...-fold
- -da - subjected to a given action or state where is grammatically important in creating the passive voice and tenses with a perfect aspect, used for verbs like ''pusute'' (to wash) and ''numte'' (to drink) in order to create adjectives like ''pusuda'' (clean) and ''numda'' (drunken, drunk)
- -ha - a female individual
- -he - in ... time
- -ii - originating from (an adjective of a place), concerning
- -ii (with removing a part of the end of a root) - a diminutive of a family member noun or a given name
- -il - a diminutive
- -ka - a thing which does something actively
- -kaara - a person who does occupation
- -kai - a tool, a device
- -keri - a multiplicative numeral
- -ki - a short/quick action, a product of an action
- -ksi - '''to consider''' ... '''as ...'''
- -kun - a person who does occupation or has a given trait
- -la - a place
- -ma - a dimension or an objective quality
- -maku - willing, desirous of
- -ol - an augmentative
- -pii - a fraction of a whole number (for example ''du'' - two, ''dupii'' - a half)
- -pun - full of a given trait (quite common in the formation of an adjective from a noun)
- -ra - tendency
- -rii - prone to
- -riin - a person who is prone to
- -ru - a masculine individual
- -sa - a strong trait, feature or state of being
- -sii - similar to, being like
- -su - a collection/group/set
- -te - (a gerund)
- -teka - obliged to
- -tekada, -teda - necessary to
- -tii - an ordinary numeral (for example ''du'' - two, ''dutii'' - the second)
- -(a)tta - make somebody/something to do
- -u - a thing which has a given trait or is a result/object of a given activity
- -ui - a container, a vessel
- -walapun - worth of
- -wali - a method, a doctrine, an ideology
- -walikun - a follower of a method, a doctrine or of an ideology.
The most important prefixes:
- ala- - sub-, hypo-, lower
- antar- - inter-
- be- - ''applicative (added to a noun for making a denominal verb which means using something named with a given noun; or added to a verb for making a noun in instrumental to be a noun in accusative; or used for changing a verb into a verb of using a tool)''
- bur- - dys-, mis-
- dau- - de-, dis-, un-
- di- - self-, auto-, sui-
- dikabi- - ob-, on, onto
- e- - e- (in an electronical version), cyber-
- eki- - e(x)-, out
- en- - in, into
- i- - at the [unit of time], this [unit of time]
- mun- - pre-, fore-, before
- nal- - eu-
- nir-/nih-/nis- - -less
- non- - non-, a(n)-, un-
- ombi- - peri-, around
- pin- - post-, after
- puleri- - re-, again
- sem- - co-, inter-, together
- so- - -in-law
- tir- - tra-, trans-, through
- tiri- - step-
- tirum- - retro-, re-, backwards
- u- - very far [unit of time]
- ula- - super-, hyper-, higher.
Sandhi
In boundary of morphemes of a word, sandhi happens. It means changes described below:
- a + a = aa
- a + e = aa (between roots), e (between a root and a suffix)
- a + i = ei (between roots), i (between a root and a suffix)
- a + ii = ei (between roots), ii (between a root and a suffix)
- a + o = aa (between roots), o (between a root and a suffix)
- a + u = ou (between roots), u (between a root and a suffix)
- aa + i = ai, aayi
- aa + ii = ai (between roots), aayii/ii (between a root and a suffix)
- aa + u = au, aawu
- i + a = ya
- i + e = ye
- i + i = ii
- i + ii = iyii
- i + o = yo
- i + u = yu
- ii + a = iiya
- ii + e = iiye
- ii + i = iiyi
- ii + o = iiyo
- ii + u = iiyu
- u + a = wa
- u + e = we
- u + i = wi
- u + ii = wii
- u + o = wo
- u + u = uu
Infixes
In Benakasemmemii, there are two infixes: '''-i-''' for expressing diminished intensivity and '''-zz-''' for expressing vulgarity and making a sense ugly, for example '''khapa-''' (to eat) → '''khipa-''' (to snack), '''nem-''' (to sleep) → '''nim-''' (to doze, to nap). The examples of adding the "-zz-" infix are: kakka → kazza, kega → kezza, puda → puzza, etc.
Reduplication
In Benakasemmemii, there is two types of reduplication of the root, the first one is partial reduplication which is for expressing intensivity, for example '''man-''' (to think, to consider) → '''mamman-''' (to reflect), '''luka-''' (to look, to watch) → '''lulluka-''' (to stare), '''khapa-''' (to eat) → '''khakkhapa-''' (to devour, to overeat), the second one is full reduplication which is for expressing frequency and regularity, for example: '''man-''' (to think, to consider) → '''manman-''' (to think often, to consider often, '''luka-''' (to look, to watch) → '''lukaluka-''' (to look often, to watch often, '''khapa-''' (to eat) → '''khapakhapa-''' (to eat often). The full reduplication can express generalization, being used in a noun, for example '''naal''' (day) → '''naalnaal''' (everyday, daily), '''malam''' (night) → '''malammalam''' (every night), '''yaar''' (year) → '''yaaryaar''' (every year, annually), '''kun''' (person, human) → '''kunkun''' (every person; [impersonal pronoun] one).
Metaphors
Very many words of Benakasemmemii can be used like metaphores for expressing abstract concepts. Here are some sample metaphors.
Benakasemmemii word | literal meaning | metaphorical meaning
- bonga | brain | mind
- dapa- | to find, to discover | to perceive
- gulum | heart | soul
- kapa- | to catch, to get | to understand
- kapa | top, peak | apex, climax, culmination, summit, state-of-the-art, top-class
- kapala | head | chief, chef
- khatar | gambling | risk
- kota | home, house | family
- pen | nose | cape
- taha- | to continue, to go on, to move on | to survive, to live, to dwell
Idioms
Benakasemmemii expression | literal meaning | idiomatic meaning
- gulum-ong daa- | to give one's heart | to trust
- gulum-ong kar- | to do one's heart | to care, to take care, to mind
- gulum-ong pota- | to put one's heart | to believe, to confess
- yahe naar westu-de bangulige | when the sun rises in the west | when pigs fly
Dialects
Benakasemmemii has around thousand word roots and over sixty word forming prefixes/suffixes which all are neutral and exists in any local culturolect (dialect). Benakasemmemii has local culturolects: Euro-American (borrowing from Latin), Indian (borrowing from Sanskrit), Muslim (borrowing from Arabic). "The neutral culturolect" is default and based on strong agglutination and metaphorics for expressing complex ideas.
Examples:
meaning | Neutral Benakasemmemii | Euro-American Benakasemmemii | Indian Benakasemmemii | Muslim Benakasemmemii
family | kota (literally as ''house''/''home'') | familya | pariwaara | aa'ilaa
freedom, liberty, autonomy, sovereignty | dipimpinsa | libertaa | swatantrataa | hurriyyaa, aazaadii
nation | naadakota | naasyouni | raajaniiti | kaum
philosophy, point of view | jorki (literally as ''vision''/''sight''), manjorki | filosofiiya | darshana | falsafaa
politics | naadapimpinsa | politika | raajaniiti | siyaasaa
president | loukakapala | presidenti | raajapati | ra'iisu
science | tetteki | syensya | wijnyaana | ilmu
Basic phrases
- Nalla naal! - Good day!
- Nalla kaalai! - Good morning!
- Nalla malam! - Goodnight!
- Nalla khapamakusa! - Good appetite!
- Hei! - Hi! / Hello!
- Nalla waa! - Welcome!
- Nallumu! - Greetings!
- Pulerijor! / Puleritemuki-no warai! - Goodbye!
- Umisa-nei - Please!
- Nalkehu! - Thank you! / Thanks!
- Dauberatta! - Sorry! / Excuse me!
- Turii naama kiyii (aare)? - What is your name?
- Merii naama ... (aare). - My name is ...
- Tun kiyii wali-de thaare? - How are you?
- Nalla! - OK! / Well! / Good!
- Umi! - Nice!
- Burii! - Badly!
- Men magil thaare. - I am happy.
- Men thaala thaare. - I am calm.
- Men muram thaare. - I am sad.
- Men or thaare. - I am angry.
- Tun kide thaare? - Where are you?
- Men ...-de thaare. - I am in/on/at ...
- Tun-ke ...-no kitu-de ki-ong manre? - What do you think about ...?
- Men manre ki ... / Men-ke manki aare ki ... - I think that ...
- Waa! - Come (on)!
- Umisa-nei waa! - Please come!
- Waa, ame ...-ong getage! - Let's go to ...!
- ... ka? - (''equivalent of inversion in English questions; question for yes or no'', for example: '''Tun ha-ong karre ka?''' - Do you do it? / '''Tun ha-ong kar thaare ka?''' - Are you doing it?)
- Aa. - Yes. / Yeah.
- Ha. - Yes. / Yeah.
- Na. - No. / Nope.
- Men na tekire. - I don't know.
- Men ha-ong kapa na thaare. - I don't understand it.
- Umisa-nei pulericol. - Please repeat.
- Men tun-ong humbare! - I love you!
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